Citation :

T. Ugandhar, U. Anitha Devi, M. Venkateshwarlu, G. Odelu, "Effects of Biotechnology on the Conservation of Threatened Medicinal Plants," International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT), vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1-7, 2023. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22490183/IJBTT-V13I2P601

Abstract

Plants native to Asia are today considered to be among the most vulnerable in the world because of different shifts in land use that have occurred over the past two centuries. These shifts in land use have included the transformation of agricultural and natural areas into artificial surfaces. Industrialization, urbanization, and shifts in people's attitudes about how land should be used all contributed to these developments. In certain countries, the status of greater than 66 percent of the world's surviving habitat types is that of an endangered species. Eighty-three percent of all threatened plant species are threatened primarily because of actions carried out by humans. Destruction and habitat loss are additional concerns simply since they induce greater habitat disruption, thereby isolating plant communities. This is a problem since both factors contribute to the destruction and loss of habitat. This makes the situation worse than it already was. On the other hand, there has been an explosion of interest in "nutraceuticals" (also known as "functional foods") during the past 10 years. Nutraceuticals are foods that contain phytochemical components that may have health-promoting or therapeutic characteristics over the long term. Even though it can be difficult to draw a line between medicinal plants and nutraceuticals at times, the primary difference between the two lies in the evidence that long-term use of foods containing health supplements can provide health advantages to the user. Medicinal plants, on the other hand, are used to treat specific medical conditions (this is known as chemoprevention). On the other hand, some medicinal plants have specific medical benefits, despite the fact that they do not contribute anything to the human diet from a nutritional standpoint. These plants can be used as a solution to particular health difficulties for either a short or a long length of time, depending on the situation. There is an evident interest in traditional and alternative medicine all over the world, according to the World Health Organization. At the same time, there is an increasing application of herbs in medical processes (WHO). The use of medicinal plants is a tradition that dates back hundreds of years; yet, in current times, it has grown into a highly lucrative industry that can be found on marketplaces all over the world. In recent times, a vast assortment of herbal products, such as patented pharmaceutical goods, Natural supplements, such as herbal teas, extracts, and essential oils, have been made widely accessible to consumers.

Keywords

Biotechnology, Conservation, Endangered medicinal Plants, and in vitro culture.

References

[1] Arie Altman, “Plant Biotechnology in the 21st Century: The Challenges Ahead,” Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 51–55. 1999. 
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[2] Anming Wang et al., “New Progress in Biocatalysis and Biotransformation of Flavonoids,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 847-856. 2010.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[3] Archana Giri, and M. Lakshmi Narasu, “Transgenic Hairy Roots: Recent Trends and Applications,” Biotechnology Advances, vol. 18, pp. 1–22, 2000.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[4] M.R. Beena et al., “Rapid in Vitro Propagation of Medicinally Important Ceropegia Candelabrum,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 285–289, 2003.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[5] Bin Guo, Min Gao, and Chun-Zhao Liu, “In Vitro Propagation of an Endangered Medicinal Plant Saussurea Involucrata Kar. et Kir,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 261–265, 2007.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[6] Butenko R.G. “Cell Biology of Higher Plants in Vitro and Biotechnology,” Moskva: FBK– PRESS 160, 1999.
[Google Scholar]

[7] Barry V. Charlwood, and Marcia Pletsch, “Manipulation of Natural Product Accumulation in Plants Through Genetic Engineering,” Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, vol. 9, no. 2-3, pp. 139–151, 2002.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[8] Y. E. Choi et al., “Plant Regeneration via Adventitious Buds Formation from Cotyledon Explants of Panax Ginseng,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 731–736, 1998.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[9] Donald P. Briskin, “Medicinal Plants and Phytomedicines, Linking Plant Biochemistry and Physiology to Human Health,” Plant Physiology, vol. 124, pp. 507-514, 2000.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[10]  Rob Edwards, “No Remedy in Sight for Herbal Ransack,” New Science, vol. 181, pp. 10–11, 2004.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[11]  Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.fao.org/biodiversity/2010-in‐ternational-year-of-biodiversity/en/

[12]  O.L. Gamborg et al., “Plant-Tissue Culture Media,” Journal of the Tissue Culture Association, vol. 12, pp. 473-478, 1976.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[13]  Stéphanie Guillon et al., “Hairy Root Re-Search: Recent Scenario and Exciting Prospects,” Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 341– 346, 2006.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[14]  Y. Henry, P. Vain, and J. Buyser, “Genetic Analysis of in Vitro Plant Tissue Culture Responses and Regeneration Capacities,” Euphytica, vol. 79, no. 1-2, pp. 45–58, 1994.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[15]  Li-Chun Huang, and Toshio Murashige, “Plant Tissue Culture Media: Major Constituents; Their Preparation and Some Applications,” Tissue Culture Association, vol. 3, pp. 539-548, 1977.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[16]  Inamul Haq, “Safety of Medicinal Plants,” Pakistan Journal of Medical Research, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 203-210, 2004.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[17]  M. Joshi, and U. Dhar, “In Vitro Propagation of Saussurea Obvallata (DC.) Edgew. – An Endangered Ethnoreligious Medicinal Herb of Himalaya,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 933–939, 2003.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[18]  S. Karuppusamy, “A Review on Trends in the Production of Secondary Metabolites from Higher Plants by in Vitro Tissue, Organ, and Cell Cultures,” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 3, no. 13, pp. 1222-1239, 2009.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[19]  P.S. ShaValli Khan, J.F. Hausman, and K.R Rao, “Clonal Multiplication of Syzigium Alternifolium (Wight.) Walp., through Mature Nodal Segments,” Silvae Genetica, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 45-50, 1999.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[20]  O. Korver, “Functional Foods: The Food Industry and Functional Foods: Some European Perspectives,” Shibamoto T., Terao J., Osawa T. (eds.) Functional Foods for Disease Prevention: II, Medicinal Plants and Other Foods, Washington, pp. 22–25, 1998.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[21]  D. Lange, Europe’s Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Their Use, Trade and Conservation, IUCN, A T\traffic Network Report, p. 77, 1998.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[22]  D. Lange, “Chapter 11: International Trade in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,” R.J. Bogers, L.E. Craker and D. Lange (ed.) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Springer: Printed in the Netherlands, pp. 155–170.
[Google Scholar]

[23]  D. Lange, “Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Trade, Production, and Management of Botanical Resources,” Proceedings of XXVI IHC, Future for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol. 629, pp. 177-197, 2004.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[24]  D. Lange, “The Role of East and Southeast Europe in the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Trade,” Medicinal Plant Conservation, vol. 8, pp. 14-18, 2002.
[Google Scholar]

[25]  S.K. Lattoo et al., “Rapid Plant Regeneration and Analysis of Genetic Fidelity of in Vitro Derived Plants of Chlorophytum Arundinaceum Baker—An Endangered Medicinal Herb,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 499-506, 2006.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[26]  K.P Martin, “Rapid in Vitro Multiplication and Ex Vitro Rooting of Rotula Aquatica Lour., A Rare Holophytic Woody Medicinal Plant,” Plant Cell Reports, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 415–420, 2002.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[27]  Matthys K. Julsing, Wim J. Quax, and Oliver Kayser, “The Engineering of Medicinal Plants: Prospects and Limitations of Medical Plant Biotechnology,” Oliver Kayser and Wim J. Quax. (eds) Medicinal Plant Biotechnology from Basic Research to Industrial Applications, WILEY-VCH Vergal GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2007. [Google Scholar]

[28]  Shelagh A. Mccartan, and Johannes van Staden, “Micropropagation of the Endangered Kniphofia Leucocephala Baijnath,” Vitro Cell Development Biology - Plant, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 496-499, 2003.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[29]  B. H. McCown, and D. D. McCown, “A General Approach for Developing a Commercial Micropropagation System,” Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Plant, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 276–277, 1998.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[30]  Mohammed Faisal, and Mohammad Anis, “Rapid Mass Propagation of Tylophora Indica Merrill via Leaf Callus Culture,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 125-129, 2003.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[31]  T. Murashige, “Plant Propagation through Tissue Cultures,” Annual Review of Plant Physiology, vol. 25, pp. 135-166, 1974.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[32]  T. Murashige, and F. Skoog, “A Revised Medium for Rapid Growth and Bioassays with to Tobacco Tissue Cultures,” Physiologia Plantarum, vol. 15, pp. 473-497, 1962.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[33]  M. Nadeem et al., “Propagation and Conservation of Podophyllum Hexandrum Royle: An Important Medicinal Herb,” Biological Conservation, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 121–129, 2000.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[34]  Peter H. Canter, Howard Thomas, and Edzard Ernst, “Bringing Medicinal Plants into Cultivation: Opportunities and Challenges for Biotechnology,” Trends in Biotechnology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 180-185, 2005.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[35]  G.R. Rout, S. Samantaray, and P. Das, “In Vitro Manipulation and Propagation of Medicinal Plants,” Biotechnology Advances, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 91-120, 2000.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[36]  Satish M. Nalawade et al., “Studies on Tissue Culture of Chines Medicinal Plant Resources in Taiwan and their Sustainable Utilization,” Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica, vol. 44, pp. 79–98, 2003.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[37]  Shubham S Bumb, Dr. Sanjay Lal, Dr. Sandeep Chovatiya  "The Phylogenetic relationship study of Maturase K and Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit – A DNA barcoding marker region of Medicinal plant Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) from the region of Gujarat (INDIA)," International Journal of Biotech Trends and Technology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 18-22, 2021. [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[38]  Urvashi Sharma U, and J.S.S Mohan, “In Vitro Clonal Propagation of Chlorophytum Borivilianum Sant. et Fernand., A Rare Medicinal Herb from Immature Floral Buds along with Inflorescence Axis,” Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 77-82, 2006.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[39]  Susan M. Smith, and H. E. Street, “The Decline of Embryogenic Potential as Callus and Suspension Cultures of Carrot are Serially Subculture,” Annals of Botany, vol. 38, pp. 233-241, 1974.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[40]  H.S. Taha et al., “In Vitro Studies on Egyptian Catharanthus Roseus (L.) G. Don.:1-Calli Production, Direct Shootlets Regeneration, and Alkaloids Determination,” Journal of Applied Sciences Research, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 1017–1022, 2008.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[41]  N. Terryn et al., “Functional Genomic Approaches to Study and Engineer Secondary Metabolism in Plant Cell Cultures,” Bogers R.J., Craker L.E., Lange D. (eds) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, pp. 291-300, 2006.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[42]  G. Vines, “Herbal Harvests with a Future: Towards Sustainable Sources for Medicinal Plants,” Plantlife International, 2004.
[Google Scholar]

[43]  World Health Organization. [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs-134/en/

[44]  World Health Organization, National Policy on Traditional Medicine and Regulation of Herbal Medicines, Report of a WHO global survey, Geneva, Switzerland. [Online]. Available: http://apps.who.int/medicine docs/pdf/s7916e/s7916e.pdf

[45]  World Health Organization, The World Medicines Situation, Traditionl Medicines: Global Situation, Issues and Challenges. [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/policy/worldmedicinessituation/WMS ch18wTraditionalMed.pdf

[46]  Xiaofu Zhou et al., “Salidroside Production by Hairy Roots of Rhodiola sachalinensis Obtained after Transformation with Agrobacterium Rhizogenes,” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 439-442, 2007.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[47]  Zhihua Liao et al., “Micropropagation of Endangered Chinese Aloe,” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 83–86, 2004.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]